Which of the following is NOT among the opioids listed in the material?

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT among the opioids listed in the material?

Explanation:
Ketamine is not an opioid. It provides analgesia and anesthesia through NMDA receptor antagonism and other non-opioid mechanisms, and is classified as a dissociative anesthetic rather than an opioid. The other drugs listed are opioids with activity at opioid receptors (butorphanol as a mixed agonist-antagonist, buprenorphine as a partial mu agonist, and hydromorphone as a potent mu agonist). So the one that does not belong to the opioid group is ketamine, which is often used in multimodal pain management to reduce opioid needs.

Ketamine is not an opioid. It provides analgesia and anesthesia through NMDA receptor antagonism and other non-opioid mechanisms, and is classified as a dissociative anesthetic rather than an opioid. The other drugs listed are opioids with activity at opioid receptors (butorphanol as a mixed agonist-antagonist, buprenorphine as a partial mu agonist, and hydromorphone as a potent mu agonist). So the one that does not belong to the opioid group is ketamine, which is often used in multimodal pain management to reduce opioid needs.

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